The Chuetas of Majorca · A Sephardic memory

Fifteen surnames. Three centuries of hidden faith.

In 1691 the Spanish Inquisition handed 37 people in Palma de Mallorca over to the fire, some in person, some in effigy. Three were burned alive. Their surnames marked their descendants for generations. If one of them is in your family tree, this story is yours too.

Who are the Chuetas?

Sephardic Jews who never left.

When most Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, the Jews of Majorca were already gone, at least on paper. After the riots of 1391 and a mass forced conversion in 1435, the island's whole Jewish community had become Catholic. Many of them kept Jewish practice alive in secret for more than two centuries: Shabbat, the fasts of Yom Kippur and «Queen Esther», the dietary laws, the forgiveness of the elders.

In the 1670s and 1680s the Inquisition of Majorca uncovered that hidden community around Sagell Street and the silversmiths' quarter of Palma. The trials ended in four autos-da-fé in 1691. Rafael Valls, Catalina Tarongí and her brother Rafael Benet refused to renounce their faith and were burned alive. Their names, and those of the others condemned, were hung on the walls of the Dominican convent for over a century.

The descendants became known as Chuetas (in Catalan, Xuetes). For two hundred years fifteen surnames decided whom they could marry, which trades they could practice and which church pews they could sit in. In 2011 a leading Israeli rabbinical authority recognized the Chuetas as Jews. Today an estimated eighteen to twenty thousand people in Majorca carry those names, and many more live in Spain, Latin America and the United States.

These pages tell their story from the primary sources: the Inquisition's own trial records in Spain's National Historical Archive, and the 1691 chronicle written to celebrate the burnings.

The fifteen

The Chueta surnames

Many of these names are also common across Catalonia and Valencia. Carrying one does not by itself mean descent from the conversos of Palma; that depends on your branch, and it can be traced in parish and Inquisition records.

Stories from 1691

How things were done

42 short stories drawn from the Inquisition's trial records and from the Jesuit Francisco Garau's chronicle. Each one tells you its source, so you know what is documented and what is tradition.

01Archive · AHN
March 1688

The night it rained

Several families from Palma's silversmiths' quarter decided to leave Majorca by night, on a ship arranged by Rafael Valls. It rained so hard the ship could not sail.

02Archive · AHN
1687

The lobster boy

Gabriel Cortés was eleven, and his father sent him to buy oil at Moixina's shop. One day Moixina asked him what his father had eaten.

08Archive · AHN
1688–1691

The hole between the cells

A woman prisoner talked to the next cell through a hole in the wall. She confided that she had jewels worth over three hundred pounds hidden in her clothes.

12Archive · AHN
Around 1681

Moixina's love letter

Moixina wrote Margarita Ana Piña a letter proposing marriage, argued with Bible verses. Her answer had nothing to do with faith.

14Archive · AHN
17th century

The Day of Forgiveness

When the fast of forgiveness ended, the young went to their elders' homes, kissed their hands and asked forgiveness. The elders answered: «May God forgive you».

16Archive · AHN
1680s

Faith by the sea

Moixina and Bartolomé Cortés told each other they were observant while walking by the sea toward Portopí. There were no walls there to listen.

17Garau, 1691
7 March 1691

The cage and the green candle

The first auto-da-fé was held at Santo Domingo. Each prisoner walked a railed corridor, the «alley of bitterness», to a hanging cage where the sentence was read.

21Oral tradition
18th–19th centuries

The names on the wall

The sambenitos of the condemned were hung in the convent of Santo Domingo, with their names. They stayed on view until the mid-19th century.

22Archive · AHN
1680s

«The master wanted it»

While the pig was being slaughtered at her home, Ana Cortés leaned toward a relative and whispered that «the master wanted it, and one had to be patient».

23Archive · AHN
1680s

Friday's kitchen

Francisca Martí was cooking on Friday night. Asked when it was for, she answered: for Saturday, «so as not to eat anything cooked» that day.

26Archive · AHN
March 1688

Juanot, the underage son

On the cover of his trial file, in the margin, someone wrote one word: «Minor». Joanot Cortés was under twenty-five, the age of majority at the time.

27Archive · AHN
1688–1689

Down to five-year-olds

Quiteria Martí had to declare her family tree before the tribunal. She went all the way down to her cousins' grandchildren: «they are very small, the eldest is five».

28Archive · AHN
1690

Folio 264 verso

The vote that sentenced Moixina to death has an exact address: the Secret Chamber, book of Final Votes, folio 264 verso. At the foot of the page, the copyist's errata list.

29Archive · AHN
1678–1691

The jailer-banker

On the eve of every inspection by the inquisitors, the warden warned the prisoners to hide their inkwell, pens, paper and books under their clothes.

32Archive · AHN
Late 17th century

The prayer at the window

Very early in the morning, Gabriel Cortés would stand at a window of his house, read from a small book and raise his eyes to heaven. For a whole hour.

37Archive · AHN
1680s

A lease in code

He could rent them the rooms «without fearing them», and they would not fear him either. That way «both sides could do anything at all».

40Archive · AHN
17th century

Fasting for the dead

When her mother, Catalina Valls, died, a fast was kept for her according to the Law of Moses. And her daughter Úrsula, unmarried, began keeping that Law from then on.

42Archive · AHN
17th century

A defense in the dark

The lawyer wrote it plainly: since his client did not know who the witnesses were, he could not point out their flaws. All that was left was to trust the judge's «merciful integrity».

About the sources. Garau wrote La fee triunfante in 1691 to celebrate the autos-da-fé, not to report them neutrally. His numbers and judgments are the Inquisition's. We cite him as a witness of his time, not as the truth.

Which of these are in your family?
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